Heterogeneity Aware Emission Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (e-MFD)

Transportation sector is one of the major producers greenhouse gases which are responsible for climate change. Finding an appropriate emission estimation tool large-scale networks essential developing efficient mitigation strategies. This paper presents advanced version macroscopic fundamental diagram (e-MFD) improves stability and accuracy previous model. A bi-modal function applied to separate free-flow congested branches e-MFD. The proposed e-MFD evaluated with both a synthetic grid network real-world city-level network. study also assesses model’s under directional traffic demands road incidents. comparison original verifies superiority model higher accuracy. Standard deviation density used in boost performance. It worth mentioning standard can be recorded existing hardware, such as loop detectors, does not impose considerable computational complexity. employed measurement hierarchical control systems more homogeneous congestion distribution control.